VCO 2 relationship is associated with a poor prognosis –. The relationship between VE and VCO 2 is used to evaluate ventilatory efficiency in HF, as well as in pulmonary arterial hypertension, an increase of the slope of the VE vs. The elevated ventilatory response in HF patients seen before lactic acidosis ensues and the carbon dioxide (CO 2) generated by the lactate is trivial relative to the rate of metabolic CO 2 production (VCO 2). The behaviour of ventilation during exercise in heart failure (HF) and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients may differ, being characterized in the former by an out-of-proportion increase of ventilation (VE), which is greater the greater the HF severity and, in the latter, by a normal or excessive increase of ventilation in mild or moderate COPD and a blunted ventilation increase in severe COPD patients –.
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